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<body><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; ">	</span>$ls –l 命令输出的中间两列数字的含义</font></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">A. 如下图</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><img src=""></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 主要是设备才有这两列，对以c或者b开头的设备用来表示它们的主设备号和次设备号。</font></span></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The first line of $ls –l output.</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></span></font></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The number of 1kB blocks used by the files in the directory, non-recursively. Use ls -lh to have some more meaningful output.</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">一般情况下，普通文件这里只有一列，就是文件的大小，若没有 –h选项，则默认是以字节为单位（Leo根据实验推断，有待有力证据）。带上h之后，大于1k的后面会带上k,m,g等参数，而不足1k的仍然没有单位，默认为B.</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">另外还有命令 du df</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Ref 1] <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/benio/archive/2010/10/13/1849946.html">Linux下查看文件和文件夹大小</a></span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>What is the difference between login shell and non-login-shell?</font></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">A.&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Using <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#ff0000">cp</font> and the differences between cp –a/-r/-p?</font></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">A.&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>cp synposis</b></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">cp [选项] file1 file2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #file1拷贝为file2（file1,file2都非目录）</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">cp [选项] file dir<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">		</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;#file 拷贝到dir目录下（file不包含目录）</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">cp [OPTION] ... –t DIRECTORY SOURCE &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #参见-t 选项</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">选项</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-a, --archive&nbsp;</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">same as -dR --preserve=all</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-d same as --no-deference –preserve=links</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-P --no-derefernece</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">never follow symbolic links in SOURCE</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-p same as –preserve=mode, ownership, timestamps</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">--perserve[=ATTR_LIST]</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">preserve the specified attributes (default: mode, ownership, time-stamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">--parents</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">use full source file name under DIRECTORY</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(复制时在目标文件中创建源文件路径中的所有目录，当然除根目录/外，也可以说有根，因为根/就是路径分隔符.并且源文件列出了绝对路径，Leo注)</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>-R, -r, -recursive</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">copy directories recursively</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 对于cp命令，可以直接 cp file1 file2，把一个文件重命名（原文件不变），但目录不行（目录不能直接cp dir1 dir2）来重命名。cp –a dir1 dir2 可以达到这个目的（即复制出一个同样的目录，非空目录也可以）cp –r dir1 dir2 可以达到同样的目的。如果两种情况下的dir2已经存在，则是将dir1复制到dir2中去。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">比较：-a选项是包含了-r，-a保留了所有属性，而-p只是保留mode, ownership, timestamps等属性</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">6.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Understand /etc/fstab</font></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; [Ref 1]&nbsp;http://pclosmag.com/html/issues/200709/page07.html</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div></div><div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b>7.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>mkisofs</b></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; it is a program, no man page and –help option</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; 格式：mkisofs [ options ] [ -o filename ] pathspec [pathspec ...]</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; &nbsp; e.g., mkisofs -r -J -V widebright -o widebright.iso ./Disk1</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">#将./Disk1制作成iso镜像，其卷标为widebright, 文件名称为widebright.iso</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">options:</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">-r或-rational-rock #使用Rock Ridge并开放全部文件的读取权限</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">-R 或 –rock &nbsp;#生成Rock Ridge目录格式信息，适用于Unix的光盘</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">-J 或 –joliet #生成Joliet格式信息，于Windows的光盘</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">-V &nbsp;#volid, volume id/name/label</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Consolas; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">-v &nbsp;Verbose execution. If given twice on &nbsp;the &nbsp;command &nbsp;line, &nbsp;extra debug information will be printed.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">8.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>mount –o loop &amp; -o isocharset=cp936</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">9.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>在VirtualBox 4.3.30中安装CenOS-5.10后，即使利用光盘安装了VirtualBox增强组件，仍然无法调整分辨率?</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">原因：安装没有完全成功。即：Bulding the VirtualBox Guest Additions Kernel modules failed</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">解决方案：正确安装CD里的VBoxLinuxAdditions-x86.run 或 VBoxLinuxAdditions-amd64.run。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">步骤：</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>a. 挂载光盘</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>b. 安装编译内核的相关组件。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">		</span>yum install kernel-devel gcc</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>c. 在安装完成后，做一个连接</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">		</span>ln -s /usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-92.1.18.el5-i686 /usr/src/linux</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">		</span>其中“2.6.18-92.1.18.el5-i686”是内核的版本号，不同版本不一样，需要根据自己的系统内核填入。如何查看虚拟机上的Linux的平台、内核版本号：</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">		</span>cat /proc/version or cat /etc/issue or uname -a</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>d. 安装VirtualBox客户端增强功能工具，执行以下命令来安装</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">		</span>sh ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>e. 安装成功后重启系统。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">参考：http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=l2e70VaRbrNYoM_FTTHRRkPb-aOO8bWkNrsaVY7kG8HzR3Ey_9bjBZgGcKAew5Tki8EcEeWfRBnY_NJhUBa_Ohxuo-9d3vQh-867aYg4GCW</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">10.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>在VirtualBox虚拟机(Ubuntu系统)中设置与windows共享文件夹</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">（主机为windows 10, Ubuntu版本为12.04,VirtualBox版本为5.0.2 r102096）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>设备-&gt;安装VirtualBox增强功能</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>设备-&gt;共享文件夹</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>共享文件夹路径：host主机中的windows的文件夹路径</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>共享文件夹名称：对应的在Ubuntu系统中的目录名称（假定为share）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>之后最好重启一次</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>在/mnt下创建一个共享目录（最好要与共享文件夹名称不同）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">e)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>在终端中输入: $mount –t vboxsf share /mnt/share-dir即可</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">11.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Linux文件权限</font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">特殊权限</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">其实文件与目录设置不止这些，还有所谓的特殊权限。由于特殊权限会拥有一些“特权”，因而用户若无特殊需求，不应该启用这些权限，避免安全方面出现严重漏洞，造成黑客入侵，甚至摧毁系统!!!</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">s或S（SUID,Set UID）：可执行的文件搭配这个权限，便能得到特权，任意存取该文件的所有者能使用的全部系统资源。请注意具备SUID权限的文件，黑客经常利用这种权限，以SUID配上root帐号拥有者，无声无息地在系统中开扇后门，供日后进出使用。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">s或S（SGID，Set GID）：设置在文件上面，其效果与SUID相同，只不过将文件所有者换成用户组，该文件就可以任意存取整个用户组所能使用的系统资源。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">T或T（Sticky）：/tmp和 /var/tmp目录供所有用户暂时存取文件，亦即每位用户皆拥有完整的权限进入该目录，去浏览、删除和移动文件。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">因为SUID、SGID、Sticky占用x的位置来表示，所以在表示上会有大小写之分。加入同时开启执行权限和SUID、SGID、Sticky，则权限表示字符是小写的：</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">-rwsr-sr-t 1 root root 4096 6月 23 08：17 conf</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">如果关闭执行权限，则表示字符会变成大写：</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">-rwSr-Sr-T 1 root root 4096 6月 23 08：17 conf</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">12.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>chmod 中，大写X权限的用途</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[ref]</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">man中解释，x就是给文件加上执行权限；而大写X，是当文件为目录或者某个用户拥有可执行文件的前提下，作为可执行权限用途。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">意思是，比如，若原始普通非目录文件任何用户都没有可执行权限，那a+X还是没有可执行权限。若原始普通非目录文件的拥有者是可执行权限，而其它用户没有可执行权限或者该文件就是一个目录，则a+X会使所有用户都拥有可执行权限</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">13.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Linux version numbers explained</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">a. Usually four numbers, sometimes supplemented by several additional characters.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>First number denotes the kernel version, seldom changed.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Second number denotes the major revision of kernel version. Even numbers indicated a stable release. Odd numbers, have historically represented development releases. They were for testing new features and device drivers until they became sufficiently stable to be included in a stable release. However, this has changed starting with the Linux 2.6.x series, and new feature development now takes place in the same revision number.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Third number indicates the minor revision of the kernel. It is only changed when new features or new drivers are added.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Fourth number represents corrections, such as security patches and bug (i.e., error) fixes.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Sometimes the four numbers will be followed by several letters, such as rc1, ac, ck and mm. The letters rc (followed by a number) refer to a release candidate and thus indicate a non-official release. Other letters usually indicate the person responsible for that release, such as Alan Cox, Con Kolivas and Andrew Morton.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">b. What does “stable/EOL” and “longterm” mean?</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">stable/EOL: EOL(end of life), no more bugfix revisions.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">longterm: more bugfixes will be provided</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">stable(leo add): just a stable version for use, most people should download this version for current use.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref1] http://www.linfo.org/kernel_version_numbering.html</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref2] https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">13.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>ctrl+s锁屏</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">很多刚从windows转移到linux上来工作的朋友,在用vi/vim编辑文件时,常常会习惯性的按下Ctrl+s来保存文件内容.殊不知这样按下去后面会造成整个终端不响应了,ssh连接还好说,直接关闭ssh连接再重新连接就可以了,但在服务器前使用的话,就只能眼睁睁的看着干着急,稍微懂点的就用alt+f2/3/4切换到其他控制台去操作了.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>其实正确的方法是ctrl+q来解除锁定,ctrl+s在linux下是锁定屏幕显示的意思和ScreenLock键是一个效果,不信你试试按下ScrLk或者Fn+ScrLk.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp; <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>如果不想再遇到的话,来把flow control整个关掉,同时ctrl+s可以解放出来用做readline历史搜索.</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">下面再多介绍点ctrl快捷键的知识:</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ctrl+c 结束正在运行的程序【ping、telnet等】</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ctrl+d 结束输入或退出shell</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ctrl+s 暂停屏幕输出</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ctrl+q 恢复屏幕输出</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ctrl+l 清屏，【是字母L的小写】等同于Clear</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref] 解决远程登陆Linux误按ctrl+s锁屏</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">14.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Ubuntu 图形化的APT工具</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">“新立得软件包管理器”或Synaptic</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ext2、ext3、ext4&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[ref1]&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[ref2]</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">15.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Linux 动态库(so, shared object)与静态库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>存放位置。绝大多数存放在/lib、/usr/lib/,完整的动态库存放路径列表可通过/etc/ld.so.conf文件配置（若修改了配置，需要用/sbin/ldconfig命令更新缓存）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>动态库搜索路径并不包括当前文件夹，所以即使可执行文件和其所需的so文件在同一文件夹，也会出现找不到so的问题</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>版本：动态库的版本总是个问题，如果编译时链接的库和执行时提供的不一样，难免会导致程序的执行发生诡异的错误。在Linux中：</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>每个so文件有一个文件名，如libABC.so.x.y.z，这里ABC是库名称，x.y.z是文件的版本号</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>第一位x表示了兼容性，x不一样的so文件是不能兼容的。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>第二位y的变化表示可能引入了新的特性（Feature），但总的来讲还是兼容的。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>第三位z的变化一般表示仅是修正了Bug。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>ldd “程序名字” #查看程序调用了哪些动态链接库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>ldconfig #加载动态链接库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>ldconfig –v #查看哪些动态链接库已经被加载了</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>gcc –static hello1.c<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>#阻止使用静态库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>gcc hello1.c<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">			</span>#gcc默认使用动态库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>制作静态库方法</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>把代码为目标文件形式（不链接）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">gcc -c liberr.c -o liberr.o</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>使用工具ar创建一个存档文件(静态库)</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">ar rcs liberr.a liberr.o</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>编译程序时把程序和liberr.a链接起来：</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">gcc errtest.c -o errtest -static -L./ -lerr</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>制作动态库的方法</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">首先编译目标文件</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">&nbsp;gcc -fPIC -c liberr.c -o liberr.o</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] 百度知道：什么是Linux中的so动态库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 2] linux下制作静态库和动态库的方法</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 3] 动态库(.so)</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 4] linux下制作静态库和动态库的方法</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>[Ref 5] 我使用过的Linux命令之ar - 创建静态库.a文件</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">16.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Ubuntu boot into terminal by default</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">a.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>sudo nano /etc/default/grub</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">b.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>change GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=”***” to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=”text”</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">c.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>sudo update-grub to make Ubuntu boot into terminal on reboot</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] Force Ubuntu boot into terminal by default</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">17.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Make Ubuntu Boot to GUI</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=””</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">18.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>startx进入Ubuntu之后没有任务栏等，只有一个桌面</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">解决方案：使用sudo /etc/init.d/lightdm start 而不是startx</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] startx 后 Ubuntu 的图形界面变得很怪异</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 2] ubuntu设置开机默认进入字符界面方法</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">19.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Ubuntu修改字符界面字体及其大小</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>e.g. Latin7--&gt;Terminus--&gt;28x14--&gt;OK</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>leo. Latin7?TerminusBold?22x11(稍大：24x12)?OK</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>或$ sudo setfont /usr/share/consolefonts/Lat7-Terminus28*14.psf</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] Ubuntu12.04下修改字符界面字体及其大小</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">20.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>ldd命令</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">主要用于查看程式运行所需的共享库</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">输出：libc.so.6 =&gt; /lib/i686/libc.so.6 (0x42000000)</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">‘ =&gt; ’ 前面是为动态链接程序所需的动态链接库的名字</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">‘ =&gt; ’后面的是运行时系统实际调用的动态链接库的名字（如果需要的动态链接库在系统中不存在时，‘ =&gt; ’后面将显示"not found"）。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">‘ (0xXXXXXXX) ’用括号括住的数字属于虚拟的执行地址。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] ldd命令行用法</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">21.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>进程的实际用户ID、实际组ID、有效用户ID、有效组ID</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">实际用户ID、实际组ID，就是登录用户的uid和gid，标识我是谁。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">有效用户ID和有效用户组ID，是进程用来决定我们对资源的访问权限。一般等于实际ID。但当设置了SUID和SGID位时，则有效用户ID和组ID等用文件所有者的UID和GID，而非实际ID。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] Linux进程的实际用户ID和有效用户ID</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">22.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Linux进程状态(ps stat)</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] Linux进程状态(ps stat)之R、S、D、T、Z、X</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 2] 进程组、会话期、控制终端</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">23.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Ubuntu环境下有线网络设置</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">step1: sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces &nbsp;打开文件，将其修改为</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>auto lo</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>iface lo inet loopback</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>auto eth0</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>iface eth0 inet static</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">					</span> &nbsp;address<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>192.168.0.178</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">					</span> &nbsp;netmask<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>255.255.255.0</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">					</span> &nbsp;gateway<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>192.168.0.1</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">添加DNS: 在/etc/resolv.conf中添加dns, nameserver xx</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">若要自动获取的话就如下：（TBC）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] 设置Ubuntu有线上网</font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">24.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>无线上网</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">打开无线网卡: ifconfig wlan0 up</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">扫描无线网络： iwlist wlan0 scanning</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">找到连接的ESSID：”CPSCN01”</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">iwlist方式只支持wep连接</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">wpa连接现在得借助wpasupplicant软件</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">iwconfig只能连接没有密码 和 web加密方式的</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">wpa要使用wpa_supplicant工具进行连接。</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[Ref 1] ubuntu命令行配置无线网络</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">25.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>Ubuntu技巧</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">f11,终端全屏。可能作用是所有可以全屏的当前活动窗口全屏</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">26.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>熟知目录与文件</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">文件或目录<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>功能/用途</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">~/.bash_history</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">(保存于用户家目录)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>用户最近输入的历史命令，保存最多存储1000条</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">/etc/group<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>保存系统中所有组的名称，以及每个组的成员列表</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">/etc/gshadow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>用于存放组口令</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">/etc/network/interfaces<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>网络配置文件</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">/etc/passwd<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>存储用户的基本信息，早期口令也存放于此文件，现已移步至/etc/shadow（所有用户可读,root能修改）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">/etc/shadow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>加密后的用户的口令（仅root能查看、修改）</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">/etc/sudoers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>管理员通过配置此文件可以指定用户可以执行的特权命令</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">27.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>通过软件仓库安装</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">Archlinux</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>$pacman -S calibre</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">Debian/Ubuntu</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>$apt-get install caliber</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">RedHat/Fedora/CentOS</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>$yum -y install calibre</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">28.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">	</span>OpenSUSE</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">如何添加源</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">配置网络</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">软件管理工具Yast2&nbsp;</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">[ref] 如何像专业人员那样在openSUSE上安装和更新软件？</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas">下载工具aria2</font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b>29. How to boot linux OS into command line interface?</b></font></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><br></font></span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Consolas"><b><br></b></font></div>

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